Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Reverse Engineering shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Reverse Engineering offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Reverse Engineering at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Reverse Engineering? Wrong! If the Reverse Engineering is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Reverse Engineering then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Reverse Engineering? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Reverse Engineering and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Reverse Engineering wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Reverse Engineering then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Reverse Engineering site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Reverse Engineering, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Reverse Engineering, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of discovering the technological principles of a device or object or system through analysis of its structure, function and operation. It often involves taking something (e.g. a machine, an electronic component, a software program) apart and analyzing its workings in detail, usually to try to make a new device or program that does the same thing without copying anything from the original.
In the United States and many other countries, even if an artifact or process is protected by
trade secrets, reverse-engineering the artifact or process is often lawful as long as it is obtained legitimately.
Patents, on the other hand, need a public disclosure of an invention, and therefore patented items do not necessarily have to be reverse engineered to be studied. One common motivation of reverse engineers is to determine whether a competitor's product contains
patent infringements or
copyright infringements.
Types and applications of reverse engineering
As computer-aided design has become more popular, reverse engineering has become a viable method to create a 3D virtual model of an existing physical part for use in 3D computer-aided design,
computer-aided manufacturing,
computer-aided engineering and other software. The reverse engineering process involves measuring an object and then reconstructing it as a 3D model. The physical object can be measured using 3d scanner technologies like
coordinate-measuring machine,
3d scanner#Triangulation, 3d scanner#Structured lights or
computed tomography. The measured data alone, usually represented as a point cloud, lacks topological information and is therefore often processed and modeled into a more usable format such as a triangular faced mesh, a set of NURBS surfaces or a CAD model. Applications like Imageware, PolyWorks, Rapidform or Geomagic are used to process the point clouds themselves into formats usable in other applications such as 3D CAD, CAM, CAE or visualization.
Reverse engineering is often used by
military in order to copy other nations'
technology, devices or information, or parts of which, have been obtained by regular troops in the fields or by
military intelligence operations. It was often used during the Second World War and the Cold War. Well-known examples from WWII include:
- Jerry can: British and American forces noticed that the Germans had gasoline cans with an excellent design. They reverse engineered copies of those cans. The cans were popularly known as Jerry cans.
- Tupolev Tu-4: Three American B-29 Superfortress bombers on missions over Japan were forced to land in the Soviet Union. The Soviets, who did not have a similar strategic bomber, decided to copy the B-29. Within a few years they had developed the Tu-4, a near perfect copy.
- V2 Rocket: Technical documents for the V2 and related technologies were captured by the Western Allies at the end of the war. Soviet and captured German engineers had to reproduce technical documents and plans, working from captured hardware, in order to make their clone of the rocket, the R-1 (missile), which began the postwar Soviet rocket program that led to the R-7 Semyorka and the beginning of the space race.
Reverse engineering software or hardware systems which is done for the purposes of
interoperability (for example, to support undocumented file formats or undocumented hardware peripherals), is mostly believed to be legal, though patent owners often contest this and attempt to stifle any reverse engineering of their products for any reason.
On a related note,
black box testing in
software engineering has a lot in common with reverse-engineering. The tester usually has the application programming interface, but his goals are to find bugs and undocumented features by bashing the product from outside.
Other purposes of reverse engineering include security auditing, removal of copy protection ("software cracking"), circumvention of access restrictions often present in
consumer electronics, customization of embedded systems (such as engine management systems), in-house repairs or retrofits, enabling of additional features on low-cost "crippled" hardware (such as some graphics card chipsets), or even mere satisfaction of curiosity.
Reverse engineering is also used by businesses to bring existing physical geometry into digital product development environments, to make a digital 3D record of their own products or assess competitors' products. It is used to analyze, for instance, how a product works, what it does, what components it consists of, estimate costs, identify potential
patent infringement, etc.
Value engineering is a related activity also used by business. It involves deconstructing and analysing products, but the objective is to find opportunities for cost cutting.
Finally, reverse engineering often is done because the documentation of a particular device has been lost (or was never written), and the person who built the thing is no longer working at the company. Integrated circuits often seem to have been designed on obsolete, proprietary systems, which means that the only way to incorporate the functionality into new technology is to reverse-engineer the existing chip and then re-design it.
Reverse engineering of software
The term "reverse engineering" as applied to software means different things to different people, prompting Chikofsky and Cross to write a paper researching the various uses and defining a taxonomy. From their paper:Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing a subject system to create representations of the system at a higher level of abstraction. It can also be seen as "going backwards through the development cycle". In this model, the output of the implementation phase (in source code form) is reverse engineered back to the analysis phase, in an inversion of the traditional waterfall model. Reverse engineering is a process of examination only: the software system under consideration is not modified (which would make it reengineering (software)).
Software anti-tamper technology is used to deter both reverse engineering and reengineering of proprietary software and software-powered systems. In practice, two main types of reverse engineering emerge. In the first case, source code is already available for the software, but higher level aspects of the program, perhaps poorly documented or documented but no longer valid, are discovered. In the second case, there is no source code available for the software, and any efforts towards discovering one possible source code for the software are regarded as reverse engineering. This second usage of the term is the one most people are familiar with. Reverse engineering of software can make use of the clean room design technique to avoid infringing copyrights.
Binary software
This process is sometimes termed
Reverse Code Engineering or RCE. As an example, decompilation of binaries for the Java platform can be accomplished using Jad. One famous case of reverse engineering was the first non-International Business Machines implementation of the
IBM PC BIOS which launched the historic
IBM PC compatible industry that has been the overwhelmingly dominant computer hardware platform for many years. An example of a group that reverse engineers software for enjoyment is CORE which stands for "Challenges Of Reverse Engineering". In the United States, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act exempts from the circumvention ban some acts of reverse engineering aimed at interoperability of file formats and protocols, but judges in key cases have ignored this law, since it is acceptable to circumvent restrictions for use, but not for access. Aside from restrictions on circumvention, reverse engineering of software is protected in the U.S. by the
fair use exception in
copyright.See Pamela Samuelson and Suzanne Scotchmer, "The Law and Economics of Reverse Engineering", 111
Yale Law Journal 1575-1663 (May 2002). The
Samba software, which allows systems that are not running Microsoft Windows systems to share files with systems that are, is a classic example of software reverse engineering, since the Samba project had to reverse-engineer unpublished information about how Windows file sharing worked, so that non-Windows computers could emulate it. The
Wine (software) project does the same thing for the
Windows API, and
OpenOffice.org is one party doing this for the
Microsoft Office file formats. The ReactOS project is even more ambitious in its goals as it strives to provide binary (ABI and API) compatibility with the current Windows OSes of the NT branch, allowing software and drivers written for Windows to run on a clean room reverse engineered GPL open source counterpart.
Binary software techniques
Reverse engineering of software can be accomplished by various methods.The three main groups of software reverse engineering are
Analysis through observation of information exchange, most prevalent in protocol reverse engineering, which involves using bus analyzers and packet sniffers, for example, for accessing a computer bus or computer network connection and revealing the traffic data thereon. Bus or network behavior can then be analyzed to produce a stand-alone implementation that mimics that behavior. This is especially useful for reverse engineering device drivers. Sometimes reverse-engineering on embedded systems is greatly assisted by tools deliberately introduced by the manufacturer, such as JTAG ports or other debugging means. In Microsoft Windows, low-level debuggers such as SoftICE are popular.
Disassembly using a disassembler, meaning the raw machine language of the program is read and understood in its own terms, only with the aid of machine language mnemonics. This works on any computer program but can take quite some time, especially for someone not used to machine code. The Interactive Disassembler is a particularly popular tool.
Decompilation using a decompiler, a process that tries, with varying result, to recreate the source code in some high level language for a program only available in machine code or bytecode.
Notes
See also
External links
- Reverse Code Engineering, as entry point for Reverse Code Engineering and the largest Reverse Code Engineering Community
- Reverse Code Engineering: The complete resource for RE of software. Archives of the most important Reverse Code Engineering sites
- OpenRCE: Reverse Engineering Portal
- MoDisco: (Model Discovery), an Eclipse Project on Model Driven Reverse Engineering
- Program transformation wiki on Reverse Engineering
- Introduction to Reverse Engineering Software, preprint of a book by Mike Perry and Nasko Oskov.
- Reverse Engineering Shapes, article by Tamás Várady
- Online Resource for Reverse Engineering Software
- Article on legal considerations by David C. Musker
- CNN: How Soviets copied America's best bomber during WWII
- Very good RE definitions from Software Engineering
- Reverse engineering the vertebrate brain
- Architecture-Driven Modernization group at OMG
- Reverse Engineering Delivers Product Knowledge Aids Technology Spread - Article in Electronic Design by Dick James, Senior Technology Adviser, Chipworks
Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of discovering the technological principles of a device or object or system through analysis of its structure, function and operation. It often involves taking something (e.g. a machine, an electronic component, a software program) apart and analyzing its workings in detail, usually to try to make a new device or program that does the same thing without copying anything from the original.
In the United States and many other countries, even if an artifact or process is protected by trade secrets, reverse-engineering the artifact or process is often lawful as long as it is obtained legitimately.
Patents, on the other hand, need a public disclosure of an invention, and therefore patented items do not necessarily have to be reverse engineered to be studied. One common motivation of reverse engineers is to determine whether a competitor's product contains patent infringements or
copyright infringements.
Types and applications of reverse engineering
As computer-aided design has become more popular, reverse engineering has become a viable method to create a 3D virtual model of an existing physical part for use in 3D computer-aided design,
computer-aided manufacturing, computer-aided engineering and other software. The reverse engineering process involves measuring an object and then reconstructing it as a 3D model. The physical object can be measured using
3d scanner technologies like coordinate-measuring machine, 3d scanner#Triangulation,
3d scanner#Structured lights or computed tomography. The measured data alone, usually represented as a
point cloud, lacks topological information and is therefore often processed and modeled into a more usable format such as a triangular faced mesh, a set of NURBS surfaces or a CAD model. Applications like Imageware, PolyWorks, Rapidform or Geomagic are used to process the point clouds themselves into formats usable in other applications such as 3D CAD, CAM, CAE or visualization.
Reverse engineering is often used by military in order to copy other nations'
technology, devices or information, or parts of which, have been obtained by regular troops in the fields or by
military intelligence operations. It was often used during the Second World War and the
Cold War. Well-known examples from WWII include:
- Jerry can: British and American forces noticed that the Germans had gasoline cans with an excellent design. They reverse engineered copies of those cans. The cans were popularly known as Jerry cans.
- Tupolev Tu-4: Three American B-29 Superfortress bombers on missions over Japan were forced to land in the Soviet Union. The Soviets, who did not have a similar strategic bomber, decided to copy the B-29. Within a few years they had developed the Tu-4, a near perfect copy.
- V2 Rocket: Technical documents for the V2 and related technologies were captured by the Western Allies at the end of the war. Soviet and captured German engineers had to reproduce technical documents and plans, working from captured hardware, in order to make their clone of the rocket, the R-1 (missile), which began the postwar Soviet rocket program that led to the R-7 Semyorka and the beginning of the space race.
Reverse engineering software or hardware systems which is done for the purposes of
interoperability (for example, to support undocumented file formats or undocumented hardware peripherals), is mostly believed to be legal, though patent owners often contest this and attempt to stifle any reverse engineering of their products for any reason.
On a related note, black box testing in
software engineering has a lot in common with reverse-engineering. The tester usually has the
application programming interface, but his goals are to find bugs and undocumented features by bashing the product from outside.
Other purposes of reverse engineering include security auditing, removal of copy protection ("software cracking"), circumvention of access restrictions often present in consumer electronics, customization of embedded systems (such as engine management systems), in-house repairs or retrofits, enabling of additional features on low-cost "crippled" hardware (such as some graphics card chipsets), or even mere satisfaction of curiosity.
Reverse engineering is also used by businesses to bring existing physical geometry into digital product development environments, to make a digital 3D record of their own products or assess competitors' products. It is used to analyze, for instance, how a product works, what it does, what components it consists of, estimate costs, identify potential
patent infringement, etc.
Value engineering is a related activity also used by business. It involves deconstructing and analysing products, but the objective is to find opportunities for cost cutting.
Finally, reverse engineering often is done because the documentation of a particular device has been lost (or was never written), and the person who built the thing is no longer working at the company. Integrated circuits often seem to have been designed on obsolete, proprietary systems, which means that the only way to incorporate the functionality into new technology is to reverse-engineer the existing chip and then re-design it.
Reverse engineering of software
The term "reverse engineering" as applied to software means different things to different people, prompting Chikofsky and Cross to write a paper researching the various uses and defining a taxonomy. From their paper:Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing a subject system to create representations of the system at a higher level of abstraction. It can also be seen as "going backwards through the development cycle". In this model, the output of the implementation phase (in source code form) is reverse engineered back to the analysis phase, in an inversion of the traditional waterfall model. Reverse engineering is a process of examination only: the software system under consideration is not modified (which would make it reengineering (software)). Software anti-tamper technology is used to deter both reverse engineering and reengineering of proprietary software and software-powered systems. In practice, two main types of reverse engineering emerge. In the first case, source code is already available for the software, but higher level aspects of the program, perhaps poorly documented or documented but no longer valid, are discovered. In the second case, there is no source code available for the software, and any efforts towards discovering one possible source code for the software are regarded as reverse engineering. This second usage of the term is the one most people are familiar with. Reverse engineering of software can make use of the clean room design technique to avoid infringing copyrights.
Binary software
This process is sometimes termed
Reverse Code Engineering or RCE. As an example, decompilation of binaries for the Java platform can be accomplished using Jad. One famous case of reverse engineering was the first non-International Business Machines implementation of the IBM PC
BIOS which launched the historic IBM PC compatible industry that has been the overwhelmingly dominant computer hardware platform for many years. An example of a group that reverse engineers software for enjoyment is CORE which stands for "Challenges Of Reverse Engineering". In the United States, the
Digital Millennium Copyright Act exempts from the circumvention ban some acts of reverse engineering aimed at interoperability of file formats and protocols, but judges in key cases have ignored this law, since it is acceptable to circumvent restrictions for use, but not for access. Aside from restrictions on circumvention, reverse engineering of software is protected in the U.S. by the
fair use exception in
copyright.See
Pamela Samuelson and Suzanne Scotchmer, "The Law and Economics of Reverse Engineering", 111
Yale Law Journal 1575-1663 (May 2002). The
Samba software, which allows systems that are not running Microsoft Windows systems to share files with systems that are, is a classic example of software reverse engineering, since the Samba project had to reverse-engineer unpublished information about how Windows file sharing worked, so that non-Windows computers could emulate it. The Wine (software) project does the same thing for the
Windows API, and OpenOffice.org is one party doing this for the
Microsoft Office file formats. The
ReactOS project is even more ambitious in its goals as it strives to provide binary (ABI and API) compatibility with the current Windows OSes of the NT branch, allowing software and drivers written for Windows to run on a clean room reverse engineered GPL open source counterpart.
Binary software techniques
Reverse engineering of software can be accomplished by various methods.The three main groups of software reverse engineering are
Analysis through observation of information exchange, most prevalent in protocol reverse engineering, which involves using bus analyzers and packet sniffers, for example, for accessing a computer bus or computer network connection and revealing the traffic data thereon. Bus or network behavior can then be analyzed to produce a stand-alone implementation that mimics that behavior. This is especially useful for reverse engineering device drivers. Sometimes reverse-engineering on embedded systems is greatly assisted by tools deliberately introduced by the manufacturer, such as JTAG ports or other debugging means. In Microsoft Windows, low-level debuggers such as SoftICE are popular.
Disassembly using a disassembler, meaning the raw machine language of the program is read and understood in its own terms, only with the aid of machine language mnemonics. This works on any computer program but can take quite some time, especially for someone not used to machine code. The Interactive Disassembler is a particularly popular tool.
Decompilation using a decompiler, a process that tries, with varying result, to recreate the source code in some high level language for a program only available in machine code or bytecode.
Notes
See also
External links
- Reverse Code Engineering, as entry point for Reverse Code Engineering and the largest Reverse Code Engineering Community
- Reverse Code Engineering: The complete resource for RE of software. Archives of the most important Reverse Code Engineering sites
- OpenRCE: Reverse Engineering Portal
- MoDisco: (Model Discovery), an Eclipse Project on Model Driven Reverse Engineering
- Program transformation wiki on Reverse Engineering
- Introduction to Reverse Engineering Software, preprint of a book by Mike Perry and Nasko Oskov.
- Reverse Engineering Shapes, article by Tamás Várady
- Online Resource for Reverse Engineering Software
- Article on legal considerations by David C. Musker
- CNN: How Soviets copied America's best bomber during WWII
- Very good RE definitions from Software Engineering
- Reverse engineering the vertebrate brain
- Architecture-Driven Modernization group at OMG
- Reverse Engineering Delivers Product Knowledge Aids Technology Spread - Article in Electronic Design by Dick James, Senior Technology Adviser, Chipworks
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